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Digital PharmD

Informatics in Pharmacy

Policy, Regulatory and Research

Stages of Drug Development

August 13, 2018 By Dr. G, PharmD

Stages of Drug Development: 1 IND Animal tests 2 IND Review by FDA and local IRB Animal tests 3 Phase 1 Healthy volunteers, tests safety 4 Phase 2 Sick volunteers, tests effectiveness 5 Phase 3 Larger scale, test effectiveness and adverse effects 6 Post-marketing Review 7 NDA application   8 FDA Review and decision   […]

Research Study Subjects -Informed Consent

August 13, 2018 By Dr. G, PharmD

Expedited IRB Review: Minimal or no risk Involve data, documents, specimens etc that have been collected for non-research purposes. IRB Exempt: Research in established or commonly accepted educational settings Use of educational tests where subjects cannot be IDed The use of texts and surveys if the subject is a public official under FOIA. Collecting or […]

Medication Errors

August 13, 2018 By Dr. G, PharmD

Medication Error Definitions: Mild: enhanced monitoring, no harm Moderate: active treatment required, enhanced monitoring, but no lasting harm Severe: patient harm that requires enhanced treatment and increased patient stay FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS): FAERS is a database that contains adverse event reports, medication error reports and product quality complaints resulting in adverse events that […]

Laws and Regulations to Know

August 13, 2018 By Dr. G, PharmD

This section is tricky.  I recommend knowing a few laws and what they do. Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938) – Give authority to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. Covers orphan drugs.  The introduction of this act was influenced by the death of more […]

Best Tips and Random Info

August 13, 2018 By Dr. G, PharmD

Random things they ask: Names of tests for disease states (ie: Montreal Cognitive Assessment, for example) All names are generic Know drugs with REMS programs, NTIs and Black box warnings well.

Unsafe Abbreviations

August 12, 2018 By Dr. G, PharmD

Read through the ISMP’s Unsafe Abbreviation Guide.  It’s more comprehensive than the Joint Commission’s and they overlap.  Here are a few things you should know. You may use range orders according to your hospital protocol. PRN range orders must include a symptom. Pain PRN meds must include some type of scale.  You shouldn’t have multiple […]

References to Know

August 12, 2018 By Dr. G, PharmD

There may be questions on the test about “where would you go to find [info]” or “Which online database would this study be found in.”  The are easy to guess if you know at least what most databases contain and how often they are updated. Medline: Most of us know how Medline works, but: Know […]

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January 5, 2022 By Dr. G, PharmD

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acid base acidosis acute coronary syndrome alkalosis analgesics anaphylaxis aortic dissection arrhythmia Beta-Blockers biostatistics blood pressure cardiac markers CHA2DS2-VasC cocaine COVID-19 diabetes diabetes inspidius Guidelines heart failure Heparin hypersensitivity hypertension hypovolemic shock intubation ionotropes journal club lipids LMWH medication safety morphine conversions myocardial infarction needs work NOAC NSTEMI obstructive shock pharmacoeconomics pheochromocytoma pressors reference materials right mi sedation septic shock shock STEMI Updated 2020